10 Mar Substance use amphetamines: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
The study systematically reviewed the effectiveness of pharmacological treatments alone or combined with brief cognitive-behavioural therapy (BCBT) for treating Iranian amphetamine abusers. The secondary aim was to review the efficacy of BCBT alone or combined with pharmacological treatments for treating amphetamine abusers in the world. The final study enrolled 56 Iranian MA-dependent participants for 10 weeks of treatment examining craving as the primary outcome [54].
Symptoms of overdose
Find out how amphetamine addiction develops, the signs to look for if a loved one has an addiction problem, and treatment options available for… If you or a loved one is struggling with amphetamine addiction, seek professional help. As a caregiver or family member, offer support and encourage your loved one to seek treatment.
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The choice of agent for initial therapy is based on cost, patient preference, and concern for abuse. MAS is available as immediate-release tablets or extended-release capsules. Immediate-release formulations may be preferred initially to establish an optimal daily dose, with conversion to an extended-release formulation thereafter. Main outcomes were treated as recurrent events and analyzed with the within-individual Cox regression model27,28 (eMethods in the Supplement). The within-individual model is a stratified Cox regression model in which each individual formed his or her own stratum, which reduces selection bias. All-cause mortality was analyzed with traditional multivariate-adjusted Cox regression model as between-individual analysis (eMethods in the Supplement).
Review Date 4/30/2022
Translocation of monoamines from the cytosolic pool into the storage pool is performed by a similar active transporter system, the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) (Fei et al., 2008; Fleckenstein et al., 2009; Ramamoorthy et al., 2011). Once inside the presynaptic terminal, amphetamine displaces monoamines from the cytosolic pool. Furthermore, because amphetamine also has affinity for VMAT2 (Teng et al., 1998), it prevents the translocation of monoamines into the intraneuronal amphetamine addiction storage vesicles. The outcome of these actions is that the direction of the reuptake transporter reverses, so that instead of pumping neurotransmitter from the synapse into the nerve terminal, it pumps neurotransmitter out of neurones into the synapse. This process is called ‘reverse transport’ or ‘retro-transport’ (Robertson et al., 2009). After discussion with you, your health care provider may recommend medicine as part of your treatment for opioid addiction.
Can addiction be treated successfully?
However, there are a number of medications that are FDA-approved for other illnesses that might also be useful in treating amphetamine addiction. Recent findings indicate that bupropion, the anti-depressant marketed as Wellbutrin, may reduce a methamphetamine-induced high as well as drug cravings elicited by drug-related cues. This medication and others are currently in clinical trials, while new compounds are being developed and studied in preclinical models.
In another study published by this group since our search, 120 cisgender males and transgender females who had sex with men and had MA use disorder were randomly assigned to mirtazapine 30 mg or placebo OD for 24 weeks with a further 12 weeks’ follow-up [71]. The primary outcome was MA-positive urines and secondary outcomes were sexual risk behaviours. Results were replicated, with reductions in both MA use and, although to a lesser extent than the first study and only at week 24, high-risk sexual behaviours (unprotected anal sex, number of partners) in participants randomised to mirtazapine as compared with placebo.
- Misusing or taking amphetamines that your provider did not prescribe to you can cause dangerous side effects and could lead to addiction or death.
- In contrast, l-amphetamine was either as potent, or more so, than d-amphetamine as a releaser of [3H]noradrenaline (Easton et al., 2007; Heikkila et al., 1975).
- There were cases of misuse by patients, and also a significant degree of diversion of the prescribed drug into youth misuse and/or abuse that may also have contributed to wariness by prescribers regarding its clinical use.
- Other substance use and social environments will also feature when determining the best setting for clinical care [75].
- Amphetamine is FDA-approved for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.
When patients appear intoxicated and have symptoms consistent with amphetamine toxicity, testing for metabolites of amphetamine can be useful to confirm a diagnosis of the condition. However, ingestion of some amphetamines, including 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, will not reliably result in a positive test for the presence of amphetamines.[19][20] Conversely, some non-amphetamine medications may cause false-positive results for the presence of amphetamines. These drugs include pseudoephedrine,[21] mebeverine,[22] metoprolol,[23] tetracaine,[24] dimethylamylamine,[25] aripiprazole,[26] and ranitidine.[27] Thus, clinicians should not rely on drug metabolite testing alone to make a diagnosis of amphetamine toxicity. Obtaining an accurate medication history for the patient may allow a diagnosis to be made independently of drug metabolite testing. Therefore, obtaining medication histories should always be a focus during the evaluation of patients who are intoxicated.
Studies including titles and abstracts identified by electronic searches were assessed and screened by one author (M. E). Another independent reviewer (A. M; the fifth author) contributed to this procedure to reduce any selection bias. The full texts of the identified papers were assessed by two independent reviewers (M. K and M.R). The researchers were not blinded to the objectives of the study but they used the same criteria and worked on the review procedures independently. Any disagreement on the eligibility criteria was solved by discussion among the research team. All reviewers had at least four years of experience in the subject of the study.